The clan (pdeex) system
The Clan (Pdeex) System
In Ts’msyen law, the pdeex (clan) system is a foundational structure that organizes identity, responsibility, marriage, authority, and legal process across all Ts’msyen territories.
Clans are not political parties or social categories. They are **legal and relational systems** that predate villages, reserves, and modern governments.
Every Ts’msyen person belongs to a clan by birth or lawful adoption, and that clan membership carries enduring obligations.
Meaning of Pdeex
The term pdeex refers to a **large kinship division** that transcends individual houses (*wilp*) and communities.
Clans:
- link houses across territories
- regulate marriage and kinship
- assign legal roles in feasts and disputes
- distribute responsibility for witnessing, correction, and compensation
Clan identity is permanent and does not change with residence or political affiliation.
The Four Ts’msyen Clans
Ts’msyen society is organized through four primary clans:
- Gispwudwada — Killer Whale (Blackfish) Clan
- Ganhada — Raven Clan
- Laxgibuu — Wolf Clan
- Laxsgiik — Eagle Clan
Each clan includes many houses (*wilp*), each with its own adaawx, crests, and named roles.
No clan is superior to another. Balance is maintained through relationship.
Clan and Descent
Ts’msyen clans are traditionally **matrilineal**.
This means:
- a child belongs to the clan of their mother
- names, crests, and responsibilities pass through the maternal line
- maternal relatives hold teaching and corrective authority
Adoption into a clan is lawful when witnessed and confirmed through feast.
Clan Roles in Law
Clans serve distinct legal functions within Ts’msyen governance.
Witnessing
Certain clans act as witnesses in feasts, disputes, and name transfers. Witnessing gives legal force to decisions and preserves memory.
Dispute Resolution
When conflict arises:
- opposing clans play defined roles
- compensation and correction are structured by clan relationship
- neutrality is maintained through cross-clan balance
Marriage Law
Marriage within one’s own clan is traditionally prohibited.
Marriage law:
- prevents concentration of power
- strengthens inter-clan relationships
- maintains balance across society
Clans and Crests
Crests are held within houses, but **clan affiliation governs how crests are exercised**.
Clan law determines:
- who may speak for a crest
- who may challenge misuse
- who bears responsibility when authority is abused
A crest does not override clan obligation.
Territorial Reach
Clan membership extends across:
- villages
- tribes
- modern communities
- internatio*